Chapter 9-4: The APA-format Research Essay

A research essay aims to relate the topic to a central idea or problem. Create questions that can help narrow down the topic and make the essay more specific.

Examples:

Is white meat healthier than red meat?
What are the possible side effects of eating red meat?
Are some meats contaminated?

Thesis

Is the main idea or focus of the essay.
Use the guiding questions created about the topic to help create a thesis statement.
The thesis should be a full sentence, not a question.
EXAMPLE:
- Guiding question: What are the possible side effects of eating red meat?
- Thesis: Consuming meat can have negative effects on the environment and human health.

Topic Sentence

The beginning sentence of each body paragraph.
A full sentence should give the reader an idea about what the paragraph will be about.

Sources

Sources can be from online, academic articles or journals, magazines, books or newspapers.

Complete Source Information

When citing sources, try to write down as much information as possible about the source to avoid plagiarism.

Books, Magazines, Newspapers

Author's full name
Title of Book, Article, Magazine, Newspaper, Journal
Publishing info (including the name of publisher, date and city where it was published)
Page numbers used

Websites

Author's full name
Title of Article and Website
Full website URL
Publisher or sponsor of the site (if not the same as the wesbite title)
Update or publication date

Online Sources

Always carefully evaluate an online source to make sure it's credible.

Are the information and website up to date?
Who published the information, and how well-known/reliable is the site?
Who is the author? Are they an expert or known as a reliable source in that area? Do they offer an unbiased opinion?
Is there advertising on the site? Could that affect the information posted?
Are there multiple authors stating the same information? Information is always more reliable when the same facts come from multiple credible sources.

Citing Sources

Every time you use information found by someone else (text, ideas, images, quotes), you must cite that source or you will be committing plagiarism.
Plagiarism is using someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as your own. This is taken extremely seriously in academic settings.
The two most common citation styles are from the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA).
MLA tends be used in the humanities field, and APA in the science or social sciences fields. This page focus on APA Format.
When summarizing, paraphrasing, or quoting, cite the source in the body of the text and on the references page.

Sources Cited in Text: Print

- Put the author's name in the text and the page number in parentheses.

Morris and Maisto (2023) state that "Anti-Psychotic medications have dramatic effects" (p. 470).

- Put both author's name and page number in parentheses

Anti-Psychotic medications can have dramatic effects (Morris & Maisto, 2023, p. 470).

Sources Cited in Text: Online

- Put the author's name in the text or write a short title if there is no author mentioned.

Brody (2022) reviews the risks of women smoking: "Today, women who smoke are more likely than men who smoke to die of lung cancer."

According to the NIH article "Bipolar Disorders," (2021) the entire body is affected: "extreme changes in energy, activity, and sleep go along with mood episodes."

- Put the name of the author or shortened title in parentheses after the sentence.

Women should consider the consequences before starting to smoke. "Today women who smoke are more likely than men who smoke to die of lung cancer" (Brody, 2022).

The entire body is affected: "Living well with bipolar disorder requires certain adjustments" ("Bipolar Disorders," 2021).

Secondary Sources

When using quotes included from other work, uas as cited in which means quoted in, with the author's name and include both sources in your reference list.

As cited in Streicher (2021), Smith (2020) states that "There are a lot of profit-motivated physicians out there."

APA "Works Cited" List

Put the references list at the end of the research essay.
Follow the basic guidelines below:
- Write "References" at the top center of the page and the page number in the top right corner.
- Sources should be listed in Alphabetical Order by the author's last name or title if there is no author.
- Indent all the following lines of the entry after the first line. This is called a "hanging indent."
- Everything should be double-spaced.
Information Included in reference entries:

Author's Full Name
- Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (if available).
Publication Date
- Year of publication in parentheses.
Source Title
- Italicize titles for longer works like books, magazines, websites or newspapers.
- Quotations for short works like articles, book chapters, or newspaper editorials.
Container Title
- Use this for shorter works like articles, book chapters and editorials from a larger source with a different title.
Other Contributors
- Anyone else that contributed to the source like an editor, illustrator, narrator or adapted the work.
Edition, Version, Volume, Issue Number
- List editions (4th ed., Updated Ed.)
- Put the volume and issue number together (vol. 5, no. 2)
Publisher
- Write the full name of the publisher or the sponsor website.
URL or DOI
- Include a digital object identifier (DOI) if available. If not available, include a URL.

Sample APA "References" Page Entries

Check out How to Cite a Book in APA Style from Scribbr to see the format and examples for APA references.

Model Research Essay Outline

It is not necessary to make a research essay outline in MLA format, but your instructor may ask for one. It is a good way to organize your thoughts and important points before starting to write.

Thesis: Write the thesis statement as a complete sentence—even in your outline.

Energy drinks are dangerous when over consumed and have negative effects on the body.

Body Paragraphs: Write out topic sentences in full sentences like the thesis.

1: The stimulants in energy drinks can be dangerous when mixed with alcohol.

- Wake Forest University study on energy drinks and alcohol.

- New alcohol, energy drinks

- Energy drinks can hide someone's intoxication level

2: Energy drinks can increase cardiovascular issues

- Can raise blood pressure

- Associated with heart disease

3: One ingredient in energy drinks, Taurine, can have negative effects on the brain.

- More effect on young people's developing brains

- Taurine can intensify alertness levels but also causes seizures

Research Essay Format

Page #

Choose an informative title that lets the reader know what the

topic and point of view are.

Your Name (or use a cover page, in which case this format will be different)

Instructor's Name (optional)

Course (optional)

Date

Introduction: Introduce the topic and point of view of the essay. End with a thesis statement.

Body Paragraph 1: Explain the first point and cite sources used.

Body Paragraph 2: Explain the second point and cite sources used.

Body Paragraph 3: Explain the third point and cite sources used. Typically, standard ESL CEGEP papers are 3 body paragraphs long, but this is not a strict rule. Feel free to do more or less depending on the topic, information found, and most importantly your instructor’s instructions.

Feel free to do more or less depending on the topic, information, your professor's instructions.

Conclusion: Summarize the main ideas of the information given in the body paragraphs. End with a prediction, suggestion or quote.

References

- Put the references list on a separate, final page.

- List all sources used in alphabetical order by last name or by title if no author is given.

Sample APA research essay

NOTE: this is a sample essay. The number of words that you are required to write, or the number of ideas that you are required to express may be different for your own assignment. Refer to your assignment instructions for this information.

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